animal science and animal health management

Veterinary medicine deals with the study, prevention, and treatment of diseases in domesticated animals. Some of the problems in veterinary medicine are the following: Bio-terrorism, Vaccine protocol, Liability, Spread of Zoonosis. Wildlife conservation efforts are increasingly faced with declining, overcrowded or fragmented populations, environmental contamination, and the introduction of new species of either competitors or pathogens. The integration of veterinary medicine as part of a multidisciplinary approach to conservation can assist in the successful planning, implementation and evaluation of conservation projects. Beyond the role of immobilizing animals, veterinarians can contribute to assessing and monitoring the health of wild populations, and can train others in modern approaches to working with and caring for wildlife.

Animals contend with others to keep up themselves for a while that would be adequate to empower them to deliver tissue that would be key to the upkeep of their species. It is creature hereditary qualities that give advance rearing innovation and testing administrations, for example, hereditary characteristic tests, DNA composing and hereditary illness tests to help keep up and improve specific animal groups. It not just investigations heredity and variety mostly in livestock yet in addition in household and Wild Animals.  It works on the following-

• Breeding stock improvement through genomic selection
• Studying Genetic diseases in animals
• Improving production animal performance
• Maximizing lifetime reproduction
• Pregnancy and birth complications in production animals
• Sheep and goat dairying - genetic evaluation

 Animal genetics focuses on various aspects of animal heredity, or the passing of traits from one generation to the next. The field encompasses topics such as genetic variability, genetic testing, and animal breeding. Those with a background in animal genetics may work for a variety of employers, including government agencies, zoos, and food producers.

Biotechnology is an already established technique in several areas of medicine, but its application in the field of veterinary medicine has only started to emerge with the potential to revolutionize veterinary practice. The benefits of using biotechnological techniques for the development and manufacture of novel pharmaceuticals include: Products with enhanced pharmaceutical properties such as long-term action, targeting of particular pathways, multiple antigen vaccines and species specificity. The possibility of large-scale production and reduced costs, an important factor especially in livestock vaccination.

Immunology describes how the body copes with bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections, cancer, and other diseases.  The battle between pathogens and the host immune defenses has raged for thousands of years.  The immune system has developed a variety of approaches to controlling viral and bacterial infection, which range from direct killing of pathogen to elaborating cytokines that inhibit replication. Advancing knowledge on the clinical immunological application in the treatment of various infectious  diseases.

Physiology is important because it is the foundation upon which we build our knowledge of what "life" is, how to treat disease, and how to cope with stresses imposed upon our bodies by different environments. Animal physiology is the scientific study of the life-supporting properties, functions and processes of animals or their parts. The discipline covers key homeostatic processes, such as the regulation of temperature, blood flow and hormones.

During the first week of life, average reported neonatal mortality rates vary, ranging from 9%-26%. Cautious veterinary intervention can increase neonatal survival by controlling or eliminating factors that contribute to animal morbidity and mortality. Poor pre-partum conditions, congenital malformations, genetic defects, injury, environmental exposure, malnutrition etc., contribute to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Optimal husbandry impacts neonatal survival favorably while reducing infectious disease, preventing injury and environmental exposure, and optimizing nutrition of the neonates. Neonatal management is important for increasing the survival rate of the animals and is an important part of veterinary research and practice.

Respect for animal welfare is usually based on the belief that nonhuman animals are sentient and that consideration should be given to their wellbeing or suffering, especially when they are under the care of humans. These concerns can include how animals are slaughtered for food, how they are used in scientific research, how they are kept as pets, in zoos, farms, circuses, etc., and how human activities affect the welfare and survival of wild species is the well-being of nonhuman animals. The standards of animal welfare vary noticeably between different contexts. Animal welfare science seeks to answer questions raised by the keeping and use of animals, such as whether hens are frustrated when confined in cages, whether the psychological well-being of animals in laboratories can be maintained, and whether zoo animals are stressed by the transport required for international conservation.

Agricultural animals have played a critical role in meeting human nutritional requirements for food and fiber. They currently provide 18% of the total calories and 39% of protein consumption. In addition to food, animal by-products have many uses in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, household, and industrial products. While, animal husbandry is responsible for about 20 and 33% of the fresh water usage in the world and livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of the earth's ice-free land. Animal agriculture contributes to species extinction, destroying habitats by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for animal grazing. It is of utmost concern for us to look into the proper management of the animals and agriculture, avoiding any kind of harm caused to the environment.

With a wide variety of applications, the dairy processing industry continues to be at the forefront of innovation in the food industry. The dairy industry is a constantly evolving business. Management practices change with new technology and regulations that move the industry toward increased economic and environmental sustainability. Dairy food production and quality control pertains to the milking operations, management of the herds, nutritional management, reproductive management and also includes animal welfare, market and supply management.

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Animal Husbandry is a branch of agriculture concerned with the domestication of, care for and breeding of animals such as dogs, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and other like creatures. Domestication of animals produced a dramatic change in the way people lived. However it first began the care for and breeding of animals continued on, of course, and is still an important part of every culture in the world in the present day. Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fiber, milk, eggs, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, selective breeding and the raising of livestock. Dairy science focuses on the production and manufacturing of all dairy products, including milk. Entering this field requires knowledge of animal nutrition, reproduction, lactation and business. Dairy scientists must be able to produce a healthy dairy herd, inspect dairy products and assist with dairy farm management.

Sustainable agriculture is an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will, over the long term of satisfying human food and fiber needs and to enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agricultural economy depends; make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls; sustain the economic viability of farm operations; and enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.

Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in non-human animals. Aside from diagnosing and treating sick and injured animals, veterinarians prevent the transmission of animal diseases to people, and advice owners on the proper care of animals. Veterinarians work to ensure a safe food supply by maintaining the health of agricultural animals and by inspecting food processing industries. Veterinarians are also involved in the preservation of wildlife

 Meat science is the study of meat, including its production, preparation and preservation. Food technology is a science that deals with the production of food. Food based research helps in ensuring the quality and safety of food products. Technologists work to improve manufacturing methods, preserve and store foods effectively and involve in new product development. Various quality analysis procedures are carried out to make food safe in the hands of consumers.

Animal agriculture constantly adapts to changes in markets in order to remain competitive for the future. New products are developed to meet changing consumer preferences. New production systems reduce costs. Private contract arrangements replace open market bids in public arenas and redefine the relationships among the stakeholders in the system. Technological developments increase farm-level productivity, processing efficiency, distribution systems, and marketing. Every facet of the animal food chain-from genetics to retail and food service outlets-is facing rapid change, accompanied by controversy and challenges.

Illness in an animal may be prevented through good care, a living environment suitable for the species, sensible breeding, and by preventing the spread of pathogens via animal trade and breeding, manure, dead animals, or humans, as well as between wild and domestic animals. Vaccinations can be used to prevent some infectious diseases from spreading from one animal to another. In looking after a sick animal, medications suitable for the species may be used.

 Molecular biology techniques are used to genetically engineer or modify the genome of animals in order to improve their suitability for pharmaceutical, agricultural or industrial applications. This branch of biotechnology works on producing genetically modified animals that synthesize therapeutic proteins, have improved growth rates or are resistant to diseases. This field provides new tools for improving human health, animal health and welfare, and helps in increasing livestock productivity. Biotechnology also helps in improving an animal’s impact on the environment and also enhances ability to detect, treat and prevent diseases.